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Epic v Apple explained: What the trial is about, and what to expect

May 03, 2021

Last year, Epic Games intentionally broke Apple's rules by putting its own payment processing system in the iPhone version of Fortnite, bypassing Apple's 30% fee and giving players a V-bucks discount. Apple responded by kicking Fortnite off the iOS App Store, while Epic launched a lawsuit and PR campaign declaring the iPhone maker "anti-competitive."

The companies have jabbed at each other for the past year, building their cases. (Epic CEO Tim Sweeney practices his ripostes on Twitter weekly.) Now the time has come to square off in person: The Epic and Apple trial has begun. 

Here's what to expect from the trial, and what it's all about in the first place.

Trial timing, location, and details

When and where is the Epic v Apple trial?

The trial is going on now: It started on Monday, May 3 and will take "15, maybe 16 days, maybe 17 days," according to US District Judge Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers, who said in a pretrial conference not to expect a speedy resolution.

While some civil court business is being handled over Zoom these days, the US District Court of Northern California decided to hold this trial in person in Oakland. A limited number of people are being allowed into the courtroom, and mask-wearing is required. Witnesses will wear clear masks so that their facial expressions are visible.

What kind of trial is Epic v Apple?

The Epic v Apple trial is a bench trial, which means there's no jury. Judge Rogers will decide the outcome.

Can I listen to the trial?

Yes. The Epic v Apple trial is being broadcast to the public live over call-in lines. You can find the details on the Northern California US District Court website.

Recording is prohibited, although there will be transcripts to refer to later. If a technical mistake allows you to speak on the line, it's probably best not to yell things like "I would suck all of you to get Fortnite mobile back," which one person did when the trial started.

See more

What the trial is about

Why is Epic suing Apple?

Terminology

Epic says that what Apple is doing is "anti-competitive" and that it has "monopoly power," which both mean that Epic thinks Apple has too much control over a market. The term "antitrust" is similar, but refers to efforts to counter monopolies. In the trial, Epic will reference "antitrust laws," which are laws against anti-competitive behavior.

Software developers who want to release iPhone apps must do so through the iOS App Store, where Apple takes a cut of each sale. iOS apps also have to use Apple's payment processing for in-app purchases of digital items (Fortnite V-bucks, for example), and Apple takes a cut of that, too.

Epic says that iOS is an unavoidable operating system for mobile devs—most people either have an iPhone or an Android phone—and so it's not fair that Apple forces everyone to play by its "oppressive" rules. And according to Epic, Apple's rules for third-party iOS apps aren't just unfair: they're anti-competitive and illegal. 

Epic wants Apple to let users install apps that aren't distributed on the App Store, and for it to let developers use their own in-app payment processing, bypassing Apple's fee. In other words, Epic thinks that iPhones should be more like Windows 10 PCs, where you don't have to use the Microsoft Store to buy or sell software if you don't want to.

OK, but what does Epic really want?

What every corporation wants: more money. For starters, Epic wants to sell V-bucks in Fortnite without having to pay Apple's 30% fee. 

Epic didn't go through all this trouble just for Fortnite dollars, though. It also sees itself as more than a game or engine developer, and wants to build a "metaverse" where players and creators can buy and sell content and play games across platforms. Getting rid of rules and fees on smartphones would certainly help Epic achieve that.

In the near term, Epic wants to release a version of the Epic Games Store that sells mobile games, but right now it's against Apple's rules to release a "store within a store"—that is, an iOS app that sells other iOS apps. And definitely forget using your own payment processing. A ruling in Epic's favor could change that.

Above: Epic's PR campaign against Apple was a subject of the trial's first day.

The latest from the courtroom

What's happened in the trial so far?

Epic and Apple have established their positions, and Sweeney went to the witness stand first. There, he explained his vision for Fortnite and the "metaverse" Epic has been pushing lately—it recently announced $1B in funding for that vision, with a big chunk coming from Sony—and of course said that Apple's fees are unfair. "It got to the point when Apple was making more profit from selling developer apps in the App Store than developer was," Sweeney said.

Apple's attorney wondered why Epic seems to be fine putting Fortnite on PlayStations, but is going after Apple. Was it all a publicity stunt? Sweeney denied that his intentions were anything other than combating what he views as Apple's unfair "walled garden."

Epic and Apple's arguments

What does Epic have to prove to win?

To prove that Apple has monopoly power, Epic first has to prove that there's a market for Apple to have monopoly power over—that it isn't just complaining about a software feature and TOS it doesn't like.

To that end, Epic argues that there's a "foremarket" for smartphone operating systems, iOS and Android, and an "aftermarket" for apps that run on smartphone operating systems. Cars and car parts are an example of a foremarket and aftermarket: Toyota sells cars, which creates an aftermarket for replacement Toyota parts and Toyota repairs. Epic says the same kind of thing is going on here: By selling iPhones, Apple creates "iOS app distribution" and "iOS in-app payment processing" aftermarkets.

If the court accepts Epic's definitions of those markets, it will then have to demonstrate that Apple's behavior is anti-competitive and that Epic's proposed remedy is legal. That won't be easy. Vanderbilt Law School professor Rebecca Haw Allensworth told Reuters that it's "not a super-strong suit," and that Epic probably won't win.

What are Apple's counter-arguments? 

Aftermarket? What aftermarket? Apple says that it doesn't control a market, it's competing in one. As far as this case is concerned, Apple sees the App Store as a "game transaction platform" which competes against other game transaction platforms, such as the Google Play store, Steam, and the PlayStation and Xbox stores. In that market, Apple doesn't have anything close to monopoly power: It estimates it has 23.3% to 37.5% of the market share.

And sure, some people think the 30% App Store revenue cut is too high, but that's what the market settled on. To stay competitive with Google, Microsoft, Valve, and others, Apple hasn't raised it over 30%, and to keep up with that competition, it recently lowered its cut for developers who make under $1 million in revenue per year. Is that what a monopolist does?

That's just one of Apple's lines of argument. It's poking at Epic's claims from every rounded, brushed aluminum angle it can find. Here's a sampling of Apple's other arguments, paraphrased:

  • Apple sells "devices," not a mobile operating system. The App Store and in-app payment system on iPhones are part of what makes an iPhone an iPhone. Epic's "foremarket" for mobile OSes is a fantasy.
  • The in-app payment system in particular is not a product. Apple doesn't market it, and app developers don't have to use it if they want to sell physical goods, only digital content. Again, it's part of what iPhones and iPads are.
  • The iOS and App Store rules and security features protect consumers and developers. (Epic argues back that plenty of garbage gets passed the App Store review. Apple says Epic has had its own share of security problems.)
  • The App Store has made things better for everyone. Customers gets access to tons of apps, and developers make money. Epic itself has made over $700 million.
  • It doesn't make sense to call "iOS App Store distribution" a single market, because games and other apps are totally different from each other. It's like saying there's a single market for heart surgery and Advil because you can get both of them at hospitals.
  • People do switch away from iPhones and iOS devices, buying Android devices instead. That's more evidence of competition.
  • Microsoft and Sony operate walled gardens, too. Why can't iPhones be like PlayStations and Xboxes? (Epic says that smartphones are unique because they're general-purpose computing devices that connect to cell towers, essential products that just about everyone owns these days.)
  • If the court does what Epic wants, it would force Apple to deal with competitors who want to put competing app stores on the iPhone. That violates its right to "refuse to deal."
  • When the first iPhone launched, Apple didn't allow any third-party apps on it at all. Why should it now have to let third-party developers do whatever they want?

Documents and revelations

How do you know all this if the trial just started? 

Alas, I can't read minds: I read the documents Epic and Apple submitted to the court before the trial. There shouldn't be many surprises during the testimonies, because both companies explained their arguments in big documents beforehand. 

There will be some surprises, though. The legal teams will be showing the court evidence each day, which we the public then get to download and look at ourselves. Epic is a private company, so it doesn't have to announce financial results. These documents are providing  some of our first unfiltered looks at Epic's spending and dealings. Here's what we've learned so far:

What it all means

What's the expected outcome?

If I were taking bets, the odds would favor Apple to win. However, even if Epic loses, it's exerting influence on the industry by making Apple defend itself, and collecting allies in its war against walled gardens—a long held stance for Sweeney and Epic. (Although Apple alleges that, before suing, Epic tried to negotiate a side deal just for itself, suggesting that the company is more self-serving than it claims.)

After Epic started shouting about Steam's 30% revenue cut being too high, online stores did start to change their fees. For example, Microsoft recently announced that it's dropping its cut to 12%, which is the same cut the Epic Games Store takes. Epic isn't entirely responsible for that movement, but its noisiness certainly helped. Whatever the outcome, Epic's sustained pressure against closed OSes may nudge the industry in its preferred direction.

See more

Apple is also taking heat independent of Epic's suit. Along with Google, Apple was the subject of a US Senate antitrust hearing a couple weeks ago, and a complaint from Spotify currently has the company defending its App Store policies in Europe. If Epic loses, the change it's trying to achieve could still be accomplished separately by government regulators—although an Epic loss here may hinder that effort, according to an official who spoke to Reuters. 

If Epic does win, it would be huge. Apple argues that such a ruling would open game console makers to similar judgements, forcing Microsoft and Sony to open the Xbox and PlayStation to all software, letting anyone bypass their stores. (Though that isn't Epic's intention, necessarily.) 

Whatever the outcome, it will likely be appealed and move on to the next court.

What happens to Fortnite?

When is Fortnite going to return to the App Store?

I don't know, but there's a pretty popular game called "Battle Destruction" on there you can play instead. I'm sure it's just as good as Fortnite.



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Last year, Epic Games intentionally broke Apple's rules by putting its own payment processing system in the iPhone version of Fortnite, bypassing Apple's 30% fee and giving players a V-bucks discount. Apple responded by kicking Fortnite off the iOS App Store, while Epic launched a lawsuit and PR campaign declaring the iPhone maker "anti-competitive."

The companies have jabbed at each other for the past year, building their cases. (Epic CEO Tim Sweeney practices his ripostes on Twitter weekly.) Now the time has come to square off in person: The Epic and Apple trial has begun. 

Here's what to expect from the trial, and what it's all about in the first place.

Trial timing, location, and details

When and where is the Epic v Apple trial?

The trial is going on now: It started on Monday, May 3 and will take "15, maybe 16 days, maybe 17 days," according to US District Judge Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers, who said in a pretrial conference not to expect a speedy resolution.

While some civil court business is being handled over Zoom these days, the US District Court of Northern California decided to hold this trial in person in Oakland. A limited number of people are being allowed into the courtroom, and mask-wearing is required. Witnesses will wear clear masks so that their facial expressions are visible.

What kind of trial is Epic v Apple?

The Epic v Apple trial is a bench trial, which means there's no jury. Judge Rogers will decide the outcome.

Can I listen to the trial?

Yes. The Epic v Apple trial is being broadcast to the public live over call-in lines. You can find the details on the Northern California US District Court website.

Recording is prohibited, although there will be transcripts to refer to later. If a technical mistake allows you to speak on the line, it's probably best not to yell things like "I would suck all of you to get Fortnite mobile back," which one person did when the trial started.

See more

What the trial is about

Why is Epic suing Apple?

Terminology

Epic says that what Apple is doing is "anti-competitive" and that it has "monopoly power," which both mean that Epic thinks Apple has too much control over a market. The term "antitrust" is similar, but refers to efforts to counter monopolies. In the trial, Epic will reference "antitrust laws," which are laws against anti-competitive behavior.

Software developers who want to release iPhone apps must do so through the iOS App Store, where Apple takes a cut of each sale. iOS apps also have to use Apple's payment processing for in-app purchases of digital items (Fortnite V-bucks, for example), and Apple takes a cut of that, too.

Epic says that iOS is an unavoidable operating system for mobile devs—most people either have an iPhone or an Android phone—and so it's not fair that Apple forces everyone to play by its "oppressive" rules. And according to Epic, Apple's rules for third-party iOS apps aren't just unfair: they're anti-competitive and illegal. 

Epic wants Apple to let users install apps that aren't distributed on the App Store, and for it to let developers use their own in-app payment processing, bypassing Apple's fee. In other words, Epic thinks that iPhones should be more like Windows 10 PCs, where you don't have to use the Microsoft Store to buy or sell software if you don't want to.

OK, but what does Epic really want?

What every corporation wants: more money. For starters, Epic wants to sell V-bucks in Fortnite without having to pay Apple's 30% fee. 

Epic didn't go through all this trouble just for Fortnite dollars, though. It also sees itself as more than a game or engine developer, and wants to build a "metaverse" where players and creators can buy and sell content and play games across platforms. Getting rid of rules and fees on smartphones would certainly help Epic achieve that.

In the near term, Epic wants to release a version of the Epic Games Store that sells mobile games, but right now it's against Apple's rules to release a "store within a store"—that is, an iOS app that sells other iOS apps. And definitely forget using your own payment processing. A ruling in Epic's favor could change that.

Above: Epic's PR campaign against Apple was a subject of the trial's first day.

The latest from the courtroom

What's happened in the trial so far?

Epic and Apple have established their positions, and Sweeney went to the witness stand first. There, he explained his vision for Fortnite and the "metaverse" Epic has been pushing lately—it recently announced $1B in funding for that vision, with a big chunk coming from Sony—and of course said that Apple's fees are unfair. "It got to the point when Apple was making more profit from selling developer apps in the App Store than developer was," Sweeney said.

Apple's attorney wondered why Epic seems to be fine putting Fortnite on PlayStations, but is going after Apple. Was it all a publicity stunt? Sweeney denied that his intentions were anything other than combating what he views as Apple's unfair "walled garden."

Epic and Apple's arguments

What does Epic have to prove to win?

To prove that Apple has monopoly power, Epic first has to prove that there's a market for Apple to have monopoly power over—that it isn't just complaining about a software feature and TOS it doesn't like.

To that end, Epic argues that there's a "foremarket" for smartphone operating systems, iOS and Android, and an "aftermarket" for apps that run on smartphone operating systems. Cars and car parts are an example of a foremarket and aftermarket: Toyota sells cars, which creates an aftermarket for replacement Toyota parts and Toyota repairs. Epic says the same kind of thing is going on here: By selling iPhones, Apple creates "iOS app distribution" and "iOS in-app payment processing" aftermarkets.

If the court accepts Epic's definitions of those markets, it will then have to demonstrate that Apple's behavior is anti-competitive and that Epic's proposed remedy is legal. That won't be easy. Vanderbilt Law School professor Rebecca Haw Allensworth told Reuters that it's "not a super-strong suit," and that Epic probably won't win.

What are Apple's counter-arguments? 

Aftermarket? What aftermarket? Apple says that it doesn't control a market, it's competing in one. As far as this case is concerned, Apple sees the App Store as a "game transaction platform" which competes against other game transaction platforms, such as the Google Play store, Steam, and the PlayStation and Xbox stores. In that market, Apple doesn't have anything close to monopoly power: It estimates it has 23.3% to 37.5% of the market share.

And sure, some people think the 30% App Store revenue cut is too high, but that's what the market settled on. To stay competitive with Google, Microsoft, Valve, and others, Apple hasn't raised it over 30%, and to keep up with that competition, it recently lowered its cut for developers who make under $1 million in revenue per year. Is that what a monopolist does?

That's just one of Apple's lines of argument. It's poking at Epic's claims from every rounded, brushed aluminum angle it can find. Here's a sampling of Apple's other arguments, paraphrased:

  • Apple sells "devices," not a mobile operating system. The App Store and in-app payment system on iPhones are part of what makes an iPhone an iPhone. Epic's "foremarket" for mobile OSes is a fantasy.
  • The in-app payment system in particular is not a product. Apple doesn't market it, and app developers don't have to use it if they want to sell physical goods, only digital content. Again, it's part of what iPhones and iPads are.
  • The iOS and App Store rules and security features protect consumers and developers. (Epic argues back that plenty of garbage gets passed the App Store review. Apple says Epic has had its own share of security problems.)
  • The App Store has made things better for everyone. Customers gets access to tons of apps, and developers make money. Epic itself has made over $700 million.
  • It doesn't make sense to call "iOS App Store distribution" a single market, because games and other apps are totally different from each other. It's like saying there's a single market for heart surgery and Advil because you can get both of them at hospitals.
  • People do switch away from iPhones and iOS devices, buying Android devices instead. That's more evidence of competition.
  • Microsoft and Sony operate walled gardens, too. Why can't iPhones be like PlayStations and Xboxes? (Epic says that smartphones are unique because they're general-purpose computing devices that connect to cell towers, essential products that just about everyone owns these days.)
  • If the court does what Epic wants, it would force Apple to deal with competitors who want to put competing app stores on the iPhone. That violates its right to "refuse to deal."
  • When the first iPhone launched, Apple didn't allow any third-party apps on it at all. Why should it now have to let third-party developers do whatever they want?

Documents and revelations

How do you know all this if the trial just started? 

Alas, I can't read minds: I read the documents Epic and Apple submitted to the court before the trial. There shouldn't be many surprises during the testimonies, because both companies explained their arguments in big documents beforehand. 

There will be some surprises, though. The legal teams will be showing the court evidence each day, which we the public then get to download and look at ourselves. Epic is a private company, so it doesn't have to announce financial results. These documents are providing  some of our first unfiltered looks at Epic's spending and dealings. Here's what we've learned so far:

What it all means

What's the expected outcome?

If I were taking bets, the odds would favor Apple to win. However, even if Epic loses, it's exerting influence on the industry by making Apple defend itself, and collecting allies in its war against walled gardens—a long held stance for Sweeney and Epic. (Although Apple alleges that, before suing, Epic tried to negotiate a side deal just for itself, suggesting that the company is more self-serving than it claims.)

After Epic started shouting about Steam's 30% revenue cut being too high, online stores did start to change their fees. For example, Microsoft recently announced that it's dropping its cut to 12%, which is the same cut the Epic Games Store takes. Epic isn't entirely responsible for that movement, but its noisiness certainly helped. Whatever the outcome, Epic's sustained pressure against closed OSes may nudge the industry in its preferred direction.

See more

Apple is also taking heat independent of Epic's suit. Along with Google, Apple was the subject of a US Senate antitrust hearing a couple weeks ago, and a complaint from Spotify currently has the company defending its App Store policies in Europe. If Epic loses, the change it's trying to achieve could still be accomplished separately by government regulators—although an Epic loss here may hinder that effort, according to an official who spoke to Reuters. 

If Epic does win, it would be huge. Apple argues that such a ruling would open game console makers to similar judgements, forcing Microsoft and Sony to open the Xbox and PlayStation to all software, letting anyone bypass their stores. (Though that isn't Epic's intention, necessarily.) 

Whatever the outcome, it will likely be appealed and move on to the next court.

What happens to Fortnite?

When is Fortnite going to return to the App Store?

I don't know, but there's a pretty popular game called "Battle Destruction" on there you can play instead. I'm sure it's just as good as Fortnite.


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